REFERENCES

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Toxicological Profile for Chromium, Draft, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Washington, D.C., 1992.

Alderson, M. R., Rattan, N. S., and Bidstrup, L., Health of workmen in the chromate-producing industry in Britain, Br. J. Ind. Med., 38, 117-24, 1981.

Alexeeff, G. V., Satin K., Painter P., Zeise L., Popejoy, C., and Murchison, G., Chromium carcinogenicity: California strategies, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 159-168, 1989.

Alwen, W. and Jonas, W., Der Chromat-Lungenkrebs, Act. Un. Int. Cancr., 3, 103-118, 1938.

Amacher, M. C. and Baker, D. E., Redox Reactions Involving Chromium, Plutonium, and Manganese in Soils, DOE/DP/04515- 1, Institute for Research on Land & Water Resources, Pennsylvania State University and U.S. Dept. of Energy, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1982, 166.

Anderson, L. D., Kent, D.B., and Davis, J. A., Batch experiments characterizing the reduction of Cr(VI) using suboxic material from a mildly reducing sand and gravel aquifer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 178-185, 1994.

Anderson, R. A., Polansky, M. M., Brantner, J. H., and Roginski, E. E., Chemical and Biological Properties of Biologically Active Chromium, in Int. Symp. Trace Element Metabolism in Man and Animals, Freising, Germany, 1977, 269-271.

American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed., Greenberg, A. E., Clesceri, L.S., and Eaton, A., Eds., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1995.

Arillo, A. and Melodia, F., Protective effects of fish mucus against Cr(VI) pollution, Chemosphere, 20, 397-402,1990.

Arillo, A. and Melodia, F., Reduction of hexavalent chromium by the earthworm eisenia foetida (Savigny), Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 21, 92-100, 1991,

Axelsson, G. and Rylander, R., Environmental chromium dust and lung cancer mortality, Environ. Res., 23, 469-476, 1980.

Baes, C. F., III, Sharp, R. D., Sjoreen, A. L., and Shore, R. W., A Review and Analysis of Parameters for Assessing Transport of Environmentally Released Radionuclides Through Agriculture, ORNL-5786, U.S. Department of Energy, 1984.

Baetjer, A. M., Pulmonary carcinoma in chromate workers. II. Incidence on basis of hospital records, Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med., 2(5), 505-516, 1950.

Bagdon, R. E. and Hazen, R. E., Skin permeation and cutaneous hypersensitivity as a basis for making risk assessments of chromium as a soil contaminant, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 111-119, 1991.

Baranowska-Dutkiewicz, B., Absorption of hexavalent chromium by skin in man, Arch. Toxicol., 47, 47-50, 1981.

Baron, D., Palmer, C. D., and Stanley, J. T., Identification of two iron-chromate precipitates in a Cr(Vl)-contaminated soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 964-968, 1996.

Bartlett, R. J., Chromium cycling in soils and water: links, gaps, and methods, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 17-24, 1991.

Bartlett, R. J. and James, B. R., Mobility and bioavailability of chromium in soils, in Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, Nriagu. J. 0. and Nierboor, E., Eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988, 267-383.

Bartlett, R. J. and Kimble, J. M., Behavior of chromium in soils. I. Trivalent forms, II. Hexavalent forms, J. Environ. Qual., 5, 379-386, 1976.

Beaubien, S., Nriagu, J., Blowes, D., and Lawson, G., Chromium speciation and distribution in the Great Lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 730-738, 1994.

Bidstrup, P. L., and Case, R. A. M., Carcinoma of the lung in workmen in the chromates-producing industry in Great Britain, Br. J. Ind. Med., 13, 260-264, 1956.

Blair, A., Mortality among workers in the metal polishing and plating industry, 1951-1969, J. Occup. Med., 22, 158-62, 1980.

Bloomfield, C. and Pruden, G., The behavior of Cr(Vl) in soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, Environ. Pollut. Ser., 23, 103-114, 1980.

Bodek, I., Lyman, W. J., Reehl, W. F., and Rosenblatt, D. H., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry Properties, Processes, and Estimation Methods, Bodek, I., Ed., Pergamon Press, New York, 1988.

Bonin, M. P., Flower, W. L., Renzi, R. F., and Peng, L. W., Size and concentration measurement of particles produced in commercial chromium plating processes, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 45, 902-907, 1995.

Bourne, H. G. and Streett, The use of filter paper for collecting aerosols, Pap. Trade J., 130, 21-24, 1950; as cited in NIOSH, 1975.

Buhler, D. R., Stokes, R. M., and Caldwell, R. S., Tissue accumulation and enzymatic effects of hexavalent chromium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 34, 9-18, 1977.

Calamari, D., Vighi, M., and Bacchi, E., Toxicokinetics of low levels of Cd, Cr, Ni, and their mixtures in long-term treatment on Salmo giardneri, Chemosphere, 11, 59-70, 1982.

California Air Resources Board (CARB), Proposed Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Emissions of Hexavalent Chromium from Chrome Plating and Chromic Acid Anodizing Operations, Toxic Air Contaminant Control Branch, Sacramento, CA, 1988.

Campos, J., Martinez-Pacheco, M., and Cervantes, C., Hexavalent-chromium reduction by chromate resistant Bacillus sp. strain, Antione von Leeuwenhoek, 68, 203-208.

Cary, E. E., Allaway, W. H., and Olson, 0. E., Control of chromium concentrations in food plants. 1. Absorption and translocation of chromium by plants, J. Agric. Food Chem., 25(2), 300-304, 1977.

Cary, E. E., Chromium in air, soils, and natural waters, in Biological and environmental aspects of chromium, Langard, Ed., Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, 1982, 49-63.

Chen, N. S. C., Tsai, A., and Dyer, I. A., Effect of chelating agents on chromium absorption in rats, J. Nutr., 103, 1182, 1973.

Chetty, S. L., Multimedia Total Dose Analysis, Master of Science Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 1991.

Clay, R. E., Multimedia Environmental Distribution of Gaseous, Dissolved, and Particle-Bound Pollutant, Master of Science Thesis, Chemical Engineering Department, UCLA, 1992.

Cohen, M. D., Kargacin, B., Klein, C. B., and Costa. M., Mechanisms of chromium carcinogenicity and toxicity, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 23, 255-281, 1993.

Cohen, Y., Intermedia transport modeling in a multimedia environment, in Pollutants in a Multimedia Environment, Cohen, Y., Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1986.

Cohen, Y. and Clay, R. E., Multimedia Transport and Fate of Particle-Bound Chemicals, Paper 93-WA-73.04, Air and Waste Management Association, 86th Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, June 13-18, 1993.

Cohen, Y. and Clay, R. E., Multimedia partitioning of particle bound chemicals, J. Haz. Mat., 37, 507-526, 1994.

Coleman, R. N., Chromium toxicity: effects on microorganisms with special reference to the soil matrix, in Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, Nriagu, J. 0. and Nierboor, E., Eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1988, 335-368.

Connet, P. H. and Wetterhahn, K. E., Metabolism of the carcinogen chromate by cellular constituents, in Structures and Bonding. Inorganic Elements in Biochemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983, 93-124.

Cowherd, C., Muleski, G. E., and Kinsey, J. S., Control of Open Fugitive Dust Sources, NTIS Report Number PB89-103691, September 1988.

Cox, X. B., III, Linton, R. W., and Butler, F. E., Determination of chromium speciation in environmental particles. Multitechnique study of ferrochrome smelter dust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19(4), 345-52, 1985.

Cronin, E., Lipstick dermatitis due to propyl gallate, Contact Dermatitis, 6(3), 213-4, 1980.

Dalager, N. A., Mason, T. J., Fraumeni, J. F., Hoover, R., and Payne, W. W., Cancer mortality among workers exposed to zinc chromate paints, J. Occup. Med., 22, 25-9, 1980.

Davies, J. M., Lung cancer mortality among workers making lead chromate and zinc chromate pigments at three English factories, Br. J. Ind. Med., 41, 158-169, 1984.

De Flora, S., Badolati, G. S., Serra, D., Picciotto, A., Magnolia, M. R., and Savarino, V., Circulation reduction of chromium in the gastric environment, Mutat. Res., 192.(3), 169-174.

DeLeo, P. C., and Ehrlich, H. L., Reduction of hexavalent chromium by pseudomonas fluorescens LB300 in batch and continuous cultures, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40, 756-759, 1994.

Deltombe, E., deZoubov, N., and Pourbaix, M., Chromium, in Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions, Pourbaix, M., Ed., Franklin, J. A., Eng. transl., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 256-271, 1966.

Donaldson, R. M., Jr. and Barreras, R. F., Intestinal absorbtion of trace quantities of chromium, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 68, 484-493, 1966.

Eary, L. E. and Rai, D., Kinetics of chromate reduction by ferrous ions derived from hematite and biotite at 25° C, Am. J Sci., 289, 180-213, 1989.

Eary, L. E. and Rai, D., Kinetics of chromium (III) oxidation to chromium (VI) by reaction with manganese dioxide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 21, 1187-1193, 1987.

Elwood, J. W., Beauchamp, J. J., and Allen, C. P., Chromium levels in fish from a lake chronically contaminated with chromates from cooling tower, Int. J. Environ. Stud., 14, 289-298, 1980.

Endo, G., An epidemiological health study of chromium plating workers (Jap; Eng. Abstract), J. Osaka City Med. Center, 37, 323-336, 1988.

Enterline, P. E., Respiratory cancer among chromate workers, J. Occup. Med., 16, 523-6, 1974.

Sci. Technol., 26, 79-85, 1992.

Fendorf, S. E.and Li, G., "Kinetics of Chromate Reduction by Ferrous Iron", Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 1614-1617, 1996.

Finley, B. L., Kerger, B. D., Corbett, G. E., and Paustenbach, D. J., Pharmacokinetics of drinking water exposure to selected chromium (III and VI) compounds in human volunteers, The Toxicologist (Abstract Issue of Fundamental & Applied Toxicology), 30(1), 14, 1996.

Fishbein, L., Sources, transport and alterations of metal compounds: an overview. I. Arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium and nickel, Environ. Health Perspect., 40, 43-64, 1981.

                           Fordham, O., Office of Solid Waste (OSW), Inorganics Section, USEPA, Washington, D.C., USA, 1996.

Freeze, R. A. and Cherry, J. A., Groundwater, Brenn, C. and McNeily, K., Eds., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1979.

Frentzel-Beyme, R., Lung cancer mortality of workers employed in chromate pigment factories. A multicentric European epidemiological study, J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 105, 183-8, 1983.

Frissel, M. J., Poelstra, P., and Reisinger, P., The Behavior of Chromium in Aquatic and Terrestrial Food Chains, EUR 5375e, Boite postale 1003, Luxembourg, 27-42, 1975.

Fromm, P. 0. and Stokes, R. M., Assimilation and metabolism of chromium by trout, Res. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 34, 1151-1155, 1962.

Fumento, M., Errin’ Brokovich It’s only a movie…or is it?, American Outlook Magazine, Summer 2000 Edition.

                          Gad, S. C., Acute and chronic systemic chromium toxicity, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 149-157, 1989.

Gaillard, J. F., Jeandel, C., Michard, G., Nicolas, E., and Renard, D., Interstitial water chemistry of Villefranche Bay sediments: trace metal diagenesis, Mar. Chem., 18, 233-247, 1986.

Gao, M., Levy, L. S., Faux, S. P., Aw, T. C., Braithwaite, R. A., and Brown, S. S., Use of molecular epidemiological techniques in a pilot study on workers exposed to chromium, Occup. Environ. Med., 51, 663-8, 1994.

Gargas, M. L., Norton, R. L., Harris, M. A., Paustebach, D. J., and Finley, B. L., Urinary excretion of chromium following ingestion of chromite-ore processing residues in humans: implications for biomonitoring," Risk Analysis, 14(6), 1019-1024, 1994.

Gargas, M. L., Norton, R. L., Harris, M. A., Paustebach, D. J., and Finley, B. L., Urinary excretion of chromium following ingestion of chromium picolinate, Drug Metaboism and Disposition, 22 (4), 522-529, 1994.

Gibb, H. and Chen, C., Evaluation of issues relating to the carcinogen risk assessment of chromium, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 181-186, 1989.

Glaser, U., Hochrainer, D., Kloppel, H., and Oldiges, H., Carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate and chromium (VI.III) oxide aerosols inhaled by male Westar rats, Toxicology, 42, 219-232, 1986.

Gochfeld, M., Panel discussion: epidemiologic and toxicologic studies of chromium, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 121-125, 1991.

Gochfeld, M., Setting the research agenda for chromium risk assessment, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 3-5, 1991.

Gochfeld, M. and Whitmer, C., A research agenda for environmental health aspects of chromium, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 141-144, 1991.

Goldharber, S. and Vogt, C., Development of the revised drinking water standard for chromium, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 43-51, 1989.

Grohse, P. M., Gutknecht, W. F., Hodson, L., and Wilson, B. M., The Fate of Hexavalent Chromium in the Atmosphere, Research Triangle Institute Report on CARB Contract #A6-096-32, Report Number ARB/R-89/379, California Air Resources Board, 1988.

Grubinger, V. P., Gutenmann, W. H., Doss, G. J., Rutzke, M., and Lisk, D. J., Chromium in Swiss chard grown on soil amended with tannery meal fertilizer, Chemosphere, 28(4), 717-720, 1994.

Gutknecht, W., Handy, R., Micheal, L., Pellizzari, E., Sheldon, L., Umana, M., and Whitaker, D., Evaluation of Methods for Determining Hexavalent Chromium in Extracts of Industrial Wastes, Research Triangle Institute Report on USEPA Contract No. 68-03-3099, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984.

Gray, N. F. and Clarke, J., Heavy metals in heterophobic slimes in Irish rivers, Environ. Technol. Lett., 5, 201-206, 1984.

Haguenoer, J. M., Dubois G., Frimat, P., Cantineau, A., Lefancois, H., and Furon, D., Int. Symp. Prevention of Occupational Cancer, Occup. Saf. Health Ser., Vol. 46, 168-176, 1981.

Haines, A. T. and Nieboer, E., Chromium hypersensitivity, in Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, Nriagu, J. 0. and Nierboor, E., Eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 497-532, 1988.

Hana, S. R., Briggs, G. A., and Hosker, R. P., Handbook on Atmopheric Diffusion, Office of Energy Research, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 1982.

Hartford, W., Chromium chemicals, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 6, 3^rd ed., Grayson, M., Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 83-120, 1983.

Hathaway, J. A., Role of epidemiologic studies in evaluating the carcinogenicity of chromium compounds, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 169-179, 1989.

Hayes, R. B., Cancer and occupational exposure to chromium chemicals, in Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium, Langard, S., Ed., Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, 293-333, 1982.

Hayes, R. B., Carcinogenic effects of chromium, in Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium, Langard, S., Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, 221-247, 1982.

Hayes, R. B., Review of Cancer Epidemiology, Lillienfield, A. M., Ed., Elsevier/North Holland Publ. Co., New York, 293-333, 1980.

Hayes, R. B., Lillienfeld, A. M., and Snell, L. M., Mortality in chromium chemical production workers: a prospective study, Int. J. Epidemiol., 8(4), 365, 1979.

Hayes, R., Sheffet, A., and Spirtas, R., Cancer mortality among a cohort of chromium pigment workers, Am. J. Ind. Med., 16, 127-133, 1989.

Hinds, W. C., Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement ofairborne particles, John Wiley, New York, 1982.

Hoekstra, W. G., Suttie, J. W., Ganther, K. E., and Mertz, W., Eds., Proc. Second Int. Symp. Trace Element Metabolism in Animals, Vol 2, University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, 185-198, 1974.

Holdway, D. A., The toxicity of chromium to fish, in Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, Nriagu, J.0. and Nierboor, E., Eds., John Wiley, New York, 360-397, 1988.

Hopkins, L. L., Jr. and Schwartz, K., Chromium (III) binding to serum proteins, specifically siderophilin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 90, 484-491, 1964.

Horiguchi, S., Morinaga, K., Endo, G., and Shinagawa, K., Industrial chromium poisoning in the small and medium sized electroplating factories: follow-up study on cancer deaths (Jap; Eng. abstract), Seikatsu Eisei, 31, (Suppl. 3), 234-6, 1987.

Hyodo, K., Suzuki, S., Furuya, N., and Meshizuka. K., An analysis of chromium, copper, and zinc in organs of a chromate worker, Int. Arch. Occup. Env. Healt, 46, 141-150, 1980.

IARC, Chromium, Nickel, and Welding, Monogr. on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 49, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France, 1990.

IARC, Some Metals and Metallic Compounds, Chromium and Chromium Compounds, Monogr. on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 23, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France, 1980, 205-323.

James, B., Petura, J., Vitale, R., and Mussoline, G., Hexavalent chromium extraction from foils: a comparison of five methods, Env. Sci. Technol., 29(9), 2377-2381, 1995.

James, B. R., and Bartlett, R. J., Behavior of chromium in soils. VII. Adsorption and reduction of hexavalent forms, J. Environ. Qual., 12(2), 177-81, 1983.

                           Jennette, K. W., Chromate metabolism in liver microsomes, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 1, 55, 1979.

Johansen, M., Overgaard, E., and Toft, A., Severe chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes in the eyes and upper respiratory tract due to work-related exposure to hexavalent chromium, The Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 108, 591-592, 1994.

Johnson, C. A. and Xyla, A. G., The oxidation of chromium (III) to chromium (VI) on the surface of manganite (Gama-Mnooh), Geochim. Cosmochim., 55, 2861-2866, 1991.

Johnson, J., Flower, N., and Loutit, M. W., Contribution of periphytic bacteria to the contribution of chromium in the crab Helice crassa, Microb. Ecol., 7, 245-252, 1991.

                          Katz, S. A., The analytical biochemistry of chromium, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 13-16, 1991.

Kaczynski, S. E. and Kieber, R. J., Aqueous trivalent chromium photoproduction in natural waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 1572-1576, 1993.

                           Kaczynski, S. E. and Kieber, R. J., Hydrophobic C₁₈ bound organic complexes of chromium and

their potential impact on the geochemistry of chromium in natural waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 799-804, 1994.

Kerger, B. D., Richter, R. 0., Chute, S. M., Dodge, D. G., Overman, S. K., Liang, J., Finley, B. L., and Paustenbach, D. J., Refined exposure assessment for ingestion of tapwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium: consideration of exogenous and endogenous reducing agents, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 6 (2),163-179, 1996.

Kieber, R. J. and Heiz, G. R., Indirect photoreduction of aqueous chromium (VI), Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 307-312, 1992.

Kim, S., Iwai, Y., Fujino, M., Furumoto, M., Sumino, K., and Miyasaki, K., Chromium-induced pulmonary cancer, Acta Pathol. Jpn., 35(3), 643-654, 1985.

Kimbrough, D. E. and Suffet, I. H., Multi-element, multi-media method for the determination of airborrna elemental emissions by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, The Analyst, 121, 309-315, 1996.

Kimbrough, D. E. and Wakakuwa, J. R., A report of the linear ranges of several acid digestion procedures, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 173-178, 1992.

Kimbrough, D. E. and J. R. Wakakuwa, Report of an inter-laboratory study comparing EPA SW 846 method 3050 and an alternative method from the California Department of Health Services, Friedman, D., Ed., Special Technical Publication, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1075, 231-244,1991.

Kimbrough, D. E. and Wakakuwa, J. R., An inter-laboratory comparison of instruments used for the analysis of elements in acid digestates of solids, The Analyst, 119, 383-388, 1994.

Kitsa, V., Lioy, P. J., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Shupac, S., Howell, T., and Sanders, P., Particle size distribution of chromium: total and hexavalent chromium in inspirable, thoracic, and respirable soil particles from contaminated sites in New Jersey, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 17, 213-229, 1992.

                           Knoll, J. and Fromm, P. 0., Accumulation and elimination of hexavalent chromium in

rainbow trout, Physiol. Zool., 33, 1-8, 1960.

Kollmeier, H., Seemann, J. W., Muller, K. M., Rothe, G., Witteg, P., and Schejbal, V., Increased chromium and nickel content in lung tissue and bronchial carcinoma, Am. J. Ind. Med., 11, 659-669, 1987.

Kollmeier, H., Seemann, J. W., Rothe, G., Muller K. M., and Witteg, P., Age, sex, and region adjusted concentrations of chromium and nickel in lung tissue, Br. J. Ind. Med, 47, 682-687, 1990.

Korallus, U., Erlicher, H., and Wustefeld, E., Trivalent chromium compounds-results of a study in occupational medicine, Arbeitsmed. Sozialmed. Preventivmed., 9, 76-79, 1974.

                          Kwan, K. H. M., Thesis, University of London, 402, 1988.

Langard, S., Absorbtion, transport, and excretion of chromium in man and animals, in Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium, Langard, S., Ed., Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, 149-169, 1982.

Langard, S., One hundred years of chromium and cancer: a review of epidemiological evidence and selected case reports, Am. J. Ind. Med., 17, 189-215, 1990.

Langard, S. and Norseth, T., A cohort study of bronchial carcinomas in workers producing chromate pigments, Br. J. Ind. Med., 32, 62-65, 1975.

Langard, S. and Vigander, T., Occurrence of lung cancer in workers producing chromium pigments, Br. J. Ind Med., 40, 71-74, 1984.

Laskin, S., Kuschner, M., and Drew, R. T. Studies in pulmonary carcinogenisis, in Inhalation Carcinogenisis, Hanna, M. G., Nettesheim, P., and Gilbert, J. R., Eds., U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information, 1970.

Lavelle, J. M., Mechanisms to toxicity/carcinogenicity and superfund decisions, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 127-130, 1991.

Lees, P. S. J., Chromium and disease: review of epidemiologic studies with particular reference to etiologic information provided by measures of exposure, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 93-104, 1991.

Levis, A. G. and Bianchi, V., Mutagenic and cytogenic effects of chromium compounds, in Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium, Langard, S., Ed., Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, 171-207, 1982.

                          Levy, L. S., Written communication, 1975.

Levy, L. S. and Venitt, S., Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium compounds: the association between bronchial metaplasia and neoplasia, Carcinogenesis., 7, 831-5, 1986.

Levy, L. S. and Venitt, S., Proceedings: carcinogenic and mutagenic activity of chromium containing materials, Br. J. Cancer, 32, 254-255, 1975.

Levy, L. S., Martin, P. A., and Bidstrup, P. L., Investigation of the potential carcinogenicity of a range of chromium containing materials on rat lungs, Br. J. Ind. Med., 43, 243-56, 1986.

Loring, D. H., Geochemistry of cobalt, nickel, chromium, and vanadium of the estuary and open Gulf of St. Lawrence, Can. J. Earth Sci., 16(6), 1196-1209, 1979.

Losi, M. E., Amrhein, C., and Frankenberger, W. T., Jr., Factors affecting chemical and biological reduction of hexavalent chromium in soil, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 13, 1727-1735, 1994.

Loutit, M., Bremer, P., and Aislabie, J., The significance of the interaction of chromium and bacteria in aquatic habitats, in Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, Nriagu, J. 0. and Nierboor, E., Eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 317-334, 1988.

Lyon, G. L., Peterson, P. J., and Brooks, R. R., Chromium-51 transport in the xylum sap of Leptospermun Scoparim (Manuka), N.Z.J.S., 12, 541, 1969.

Machle, W. and Gregorius, F., Cancer of the respiratory system in the United States chromate-producing industry, Public Health Rep., 63, 1114, 1948.

MacKenzie, R. M., Manganese oxides and hydroxides, in Minerals in Soil Environments, Dixon, J. B. and Weed, S. B., Eds., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 181-193, 1977.

Mancuso, T. F., Considerations of Chromium as an Industrial Carcinogen, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Hutchinson, T.C., Ed., Institute for Environmental Studies, Toronto, 343-356, 1975.

Mancuso, T. F., Occupational cancer and other health hazards in a chromate plant: a medical appraisal: clinical and toxicologic aspects, Ind. Med. Surg., 20, 393-407, 1951.

Mancuso, T. F. and Hueper, W. C., Occupational cancer and other health hazards in a chromate plant. A medical appraisal. I. Lung cancers in chromate workers, Ind. Med. Surg., 20, 358-63, 1951.

Mayer, L. M., Geochemistry of chromium in the oceans, in Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, Nriagu, J. 0. and Nierboor, E., Eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 173-184, 1988.

Merritt, K. and Brown S. A., Release of hexavalent chromium from corrosion of stainles steel and cobalt-chromium alloys, J Biomed. Mater. Res., 29, 627-633, 1995.

                          Mertz, W., Chromium in human nutrition - a review, J. Nutrition, 123, 626-633, 1993.

Messman, J. D., Churchwell, M. E., Wong, D., and Lathouse, J., Determination of Stable Valence States of Chromium in Aqueous and Solid Waste Matrices-Experimental Verification of Chemical Behavior, EPA/600/S4-86/039, Contract Number 68-03-3224, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, 1986.

Misha, S., Singh, Srivastava, S. S., Srivatava, R., Dass, S., Satsang, G. P. and Prakash, S., Studies on uptake of trivalent and hexavalent chromium by maize (Zea mays), Fd. Chem. Toxic, 33(5), 393-397, 1995.

Mutti, A., Cavatorta, A., Pedroni, C., Gorghi, A., Giaroli, C., and Franchim, I., The role of chromium accumulation in the relationship between airborne and urinary chromium in welders. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 43, 123-133, 1979; as cited in Fan, A.M. and Harding-Barlow, I., Chromium in Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology, Genotoxic & Carcinogenic Metals: Environmental & Occupational Occurance & Exposure, Vol XI, Fishbein, L, Furst, A., and Mehlman, M. A., Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1987.

Nagaya, T., Ishikawa, N., Hata, H., Takahashi, A., Yoshida, I., and Okamoto, Y., Early renal effects of occupational exposure to low-level hexavalent chromium, Arch. Toxicol., 68, 322-324, 1994.

National Academy of Sciences, Chromium, Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1974.

Newman, D., A case of adenocarcinoma of the left inferior turbinated body and perforation of the nasal septum in the person of a worker in chrome pigments, Glasglow Med. J., 33, 469-470, 1890.

Nieboer, E. and Jusys, A. A., Biologic chemistry of chromium, in Chromium in the Natural and Human Environments, Nriagu, J.O. and Nierboor, E., Eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 21-79, 1988.

NIOSH, Biological Exposure Indices, Chromium (VI), Water soluble fume (BEI-69), Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C., 1992.

NIOSH, Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd Ed., Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C., 1989.

NIOSH, Occupational Exposure to Chromium (VI): Criteria for a Recommended Standard, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C., 1975.

                          Noble, C. A., Prather, K. A., Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2667-2680, 1996.

Ohsaki, Y., Abe, S., Kimura, K., Ysunita, Y., Mikami, H., and Murao, M., Lung cancer in Japanese chromate workers, Thorax, 33, 372-374, 1978.

Okubo, T. and Tsuchiya, K., An epidemiological study in lung cancer among chromium plating workers, Keio J. Med., 26, 171-177, 1977.

Ondov, J. M., Choquette, C. E., Zoller, W. H., Gordon, B. E., Bierman, A. H., and Heft, R. E., Atmospheric behavior of trace elements on particles emitted from a coal-fired power plant, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2193-3104, 1989.

Palmer, C. D. and Wittbrodt, P. R., Processes affecting the remediation of chromium-contaminated sites, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 25-40, 1991.

                           Parfitt, R. L., Anion adsorption by soils and soil materials, Adv. Agron., 20, 1-50, 1978.

Pascale, L. R., Waldstein, S. S., Engloring, G., Dubin, A., and Szanto, P. B., Chromium intoxication with special reference to hepatic injury, JAMA, 149, 1385-1389, 1952.

Pastides, H., Austin, R., Lemeshow, S., Klar, J., and Mundt, K. A., A Retrospective-Cohort Study of Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 25, 663-675, 1994.

Pausterbach, D. J., Sheehan, P. J., Paull, J. M., Wisser, L. M., and Finley, B. L., Review of the allergic contact dermatitis hazard posed by chromium-contaminated soil: identifying a "safe" concentration, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 37, 177-207, 1992.

Pedersen, N. B., The effects of chromium on the skin, in Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium, Langard, S., Ed., Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, 249-275, 1982.

Petrilli, F. L. and De Flora, S., Metabolic deactivation of hexavalent chromium mutagenicity, Mutat. Res., 54(2), 139-147, 1978.

Polak, L., Immunology of chromium, in Chromium: Metabolism and Toxicity, Burrows, D., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 51-136, 1983.

Rai, D., Eary, L. E., and Zachara, J. M., Environmental chemistry of chromium, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 15-23, 1989.

Ramachandran, V., D'Souza, T. J., and Mistry, K. B., Uptake and transport of chromium in plants, J. Nucl. Agric. Biol., 9(4), 126, 1980,

Rapoport, A. I. and Muter, 0. A., Biosorption of hexavalent chromium by yeasts, Process Biochemistry, 30(2), 145-149, 1995.

Reisinger, H. J., II, Heavy Metals in a Small Schuykill River, Pennsylvania Impoundment, Master's Thesis, Millersville State College, Pennsylvania, 1979.

Richard, F. C. and Bourg, A. C. M., Aqueous geochemistry of chromium: a review, Water Res., 25(7), 807-816, 1991.

Roberts, K. R. and Marzluf, G. A., The specific interaction of chromate with the dual sulfate permease system of Neurospora crassa, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 142, 651-659, 1971.

Rosas, I., Belmont, R., Baez, A., and Villalobos-Pietrini, R., Some aspects of the environmental exposure to chromium residues in Mexico, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 48, 463-475, 1989.

Roto, P., Sainio, H., Reunala, T., and Laippala, P., Addition of ferrous sulfate to cement and risk of chromium dermatitis among construction workers, Contact Dermatitis, 34, 43-50, 1996.

                          Royle, H., Toxicity of chromic acid in the chromium plating industry (1), Environ. Res., 10(1), 39-53, 1975.

Ryan, P. A. and Cohen, Y., Multimedia transport of particle bound organics: benzo(a)pyrene test case, Chemosphere, 15, 21-47, 1986.

Saleh, F. Y., Parkerton, T. F., Lewis, R. V., Huang, J. H., and Dickson, K. L., Kinetics of chromium transformations in the environment, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 1-2, 25-41, 1989.

Satoh, K., Fukuda, Y., Torii, K., and Katsuno, N., Epidemiological study of workers engaged in the manufacture of chromium compounds, J. Occup. Med., 23, 835-838, 1981.

Sass, B. M. and Rai, D., Solubility of amorphous chromium (III)-iron(III) solid solution, Inorg. Chem., 26, 2228-2232, 1987.

Schmidt, J. A. and Andren, A. W., Deposition of airborne metals into the Great Lakes: an evaluation of past and present estimates, Adv. Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 81-103, 1984.

Schoental, R., Proceedings: chromium carcinogenesis and glycidal formation, Br. J. Cancer, 32(2), 250-251, 1975.

Schoental, R., Chromium carcinogenesis, formation of epoxyaldehydes and tanning, Br. J. Cancer, 32(3), 403-4, 1975.

Schroeder, R. L. and Lee, G. F., Potential transformation of chromium in natural waters, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 4, 355-365, 1975.

Scott, M. J. and Morgan, J. J., Energetics and conservative properties of redox systems, in Chemical Modeling of Aqueous Systems II, Melchior, D. C. and Bassett, R. L., Eds., 1990, 368-378.

Seigneur, C. and Constantinou, E., Chemical kinetic mechanism for atmospheric chromium, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 222-231, 1995.

Selli, E., Giorgi, A., and Bidoglio, G., Humic acid-sensitized photoreduction of Cr(VI) on ZnO particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 599-604, 1996.

Sheehan, P. J., Meyer, D. M., Sauer, M. M., and Pausterbach, D. J., Assessment of the human health risks posed by exposure to chromium-contaminated soils, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 32, 161-201, 1991.

Sheffet, A., Thind, I., Miller, A. M., and Louria, D. B., Cancer mortality in a pigment plant utilizing lead and zinc chromates, Arch. Env. Health, 37(1), 44-52, 1982.

                          Shen, H. and Wang, Y-T., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 2754-2758, 1995.

Shewry, P. R. and Peterson, P J., The uptake of chromium by barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.), J. Exp. Bot., 25(87), 785-97, 1974.

Shupack, S. I., The chemistry of chromium and some resulting analytical problems, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 7-11, 1991.

Silverstein, M., Mirer, F., Kotelchuck, D., Silverstein, B., and Bennett, M., Mortality among workers in a die-casting and electroplating plant, Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 7 (Suppl. 4), 156-65, 1981.

Skeffington, R. A., Shewry, P. R., and Petersen, P. J., Chromium uptake and transport in barley seedlings Hordeum-Vulgare, Planta (Berlin.), 132, 209-214, 1976.

Slinn, W. G. N., Prediction for particle deposition to vegetative canopies, Atmos. Environ., 16(7), 1785-1792, 1982.

Smillie, R. H., Hunter, K., and Loutit, M., Reduction of chromium (VI) by bacterially produced hydrogen sulfide in a marine environment, Water Res., 15, 1351-1354, 1981.

Smith, S., Petersen, P. J., and Kwan, K. H. M., Chromium accumulation, transport and toxicity in plants, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 24, 241-251, 1989.

Smucker, S. J., Region IX Primary Remidiation Goals (PRGs) First Half 1995, February 1, 1995, USEPA Region IX, San Francisco, California, 1995.

Sorahan, T., Burges, D. C., and Waterhouse, J. A., A mortality study of nickel/chromium platers, Br. J. Ind. Med., 44(4), 250-258, 1987.

South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), Multi-Pathway Health Risk Assessment Input Guidance Document, prepared by Clement Associates, Inc., June 1988.

Steinsberger, S. C., DeWees, W. G., Bell, A. C., Finken, R. A., Knoll, J. E., and Midgett, M. R., Development and validation of the U.S. EPA hexavalent chromium source emissions measurement method, Fuel Processing Technology, 39, 265-276, 1994.

Stern A. H., Freeman, N. C. G., Pleban P., Boesch R. R., Wainman, T., Howell, T., Shupack, S., Johnson, B. B., and Lioy, P. J., Residential exposure to chromium waste-urine biological monitoring in conjunction with environmental exposure monitoring, Environ. Res., 58, 147-162, 1992.

Stern, R. M., Chromium compounds: production and occupational exposure, in Topics in Environmental Health, Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium, Langard, S., Ed., Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1982, 16-47.

                          Strenge, D. L. and Napier, T., Radiological assessment, Eng. Geol., 26(4), 405-410, 1989.

Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J., An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters, Aquatic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley- Interscience, New York, 656, 1981.

Taioli, E., Zhitkovich, A., Kinney, P., Udasin, I., Toniolo, P., and Costa, M., Increased DNA-protein crosslinks in lymphocytes of residents living in chromium-contaminated areas, Biological Trace Element Research, 50, 175, 1995.

Talyor, F. H., The relationship of mortality and duration of employment as reflected by a cohort of chromate workers, Am. J. Public Health, 56, 218-222, 1966.

Torgrimsen, T., Analysis of chromium, in Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium, Langard, S., Ed., Elsevier Biomedical Press, New York, 1982.

Tsai, W., Cohen, Y., Sakugawa, H., and Kaplan, I., Dynamic partitioning of semivolatile organics in gas/particle/rain phases during rain scavenging, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25(12), 2012-2023, 1991.

USEPA, Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chromium, EPA-440/5-80-035, NTIS PB85-227478, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1980.

USEPA, Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chromium-1984, EPA 440/5-84-029, Office of Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1985.

                          USEPA, Compilation of Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, 5th Ed., Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1995.

USEPA, Fate of Toxic and Hazardous Materials in the Environment, EPA-60013-80-84, NTIS PB80221984, Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1980.

USEPA, Health Assessment Document for Chromium, EPA-600/8-83-014F, Environmental Assessment and Criteria Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1984.

USEPA, Health Effects Assessment for Hexavalent Chromium, EPA/540/1-86/019, NTIS PB86134301, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 1984.

USEPA, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA-600/4-79-020, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 1979.

USEPA, Proposed Sampling and Analytical Methodologies for Additon to Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes: Physical/Chemical Methods (EPA SW 846), 2nd Ed., Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1984.

USPHS, (Gafafer, W.M.) Health of Workers in Chromate Producing Industry: A Study, Occupational Health Publication No. 192, Washington, D.C., 1953.

Van Bruwaene, R., Gerber, G.B., Kerchmann, R., Colard, J., and Van Kerkom, J., Metabolism of 51Cr, 54Mn, 59Fe and 60Co in lactating cows, Health Phys., 46(5), 1069-1082, 1984.

Van de Water, R., Modeling the Transport and Fate of Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organics in a Multimedia Environment, Master of Science Thesis, Department of Chemcial Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 1995.

Visek, W. J., Whitney, I. B., Kuhn, U. S. G., and Comar, C. L., Metabolism of Cr⁵¹ by animals as influenced by chemical state, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 84, 610-615, 1953.

Vitale, R. J., Mussoline, G. R., Petura, J. C., and James, B. R., Hexavalent chromium extraction from soils: evaluation of an alkaline digestion method, J. Environ. Qual., 23, 1249-1256, 1994.

Walhberg, J. E., Percutaneous absorption of radioactive strontium chloride Sr⁸⁹ (SrCl₂), Arch. Of Dermatol., 97, 336-339, 1968.

Wang, P., Tsukasa, M., Komori, K., Sasatsu, M., Toda, K., and Ontake, H., Isolation and characterization of an enterobacter cloacae strain that reduces hexavalent chromium under anaerobic conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 155, 1665-1669, 1989.

Wang, Y. and Xiao, C., Factors affecting hexavalent chromium reduction in pure cultures of bacteria, Water Resources, 29(11), 2467-2474, 1995.

                          Waterhouse, J. A. H., Proceedings: cancer among chromium platers, Br. J. Cancer, 32(2), 262, 1975.

Wetterhahn, K. E. and Hamilton, J. W., Molecular basis of hexavalent chromium carcinogenicity effect on gene expression, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 113-129, 1989.

Wedeen, R. P. and Qian, L. F., Chromium-induced kidney disease, Environ. Health Perspect., 92, 71-74, 1991.

Westbrook, J., Chromium and chromium alloys, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 6, 3rd ed., Grayson, M., Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 54-82, 1983.

Whicker, F. W. and Kirchner, T., Pathway: a dynamic food-chain model to predict radionuclide ingestion after fallout deposition, Health Phys., 52(6), 717-727, 1987.

Whittle, K. J., Hardy, R., Holden, A. V., Johnson, R., and Pentreath, R. J., Occurrence and fate of organic and inorganic contaminants in marine animals, in Aquatic Pollutants and Biological Effects with Emphasis on Neoplasia, Vol. 298, Kraybill, H. F., Daive, C. J., Harshbarger, J. C., and Tardiff, R. G., Eds., Academy of Science, New York, 1977, 47-79.

Wiegand, H. J., Ottenwalder, H., and Bolt, H. M., Recent advances in biological monitoring of hexavalent chromium compounds, Sci. Total Environ., 71, 309-315, 1988.

Williams, R. M., A model of the dry deposition of particles to water surfaces, Atmos. Environ., 16(8), 1933-1938,1982.

Witmer, C., Park, H. S., and Shupack, S. I., Mutagenicity and disposition of chromium, Sci. Total Environ., 86, 131-148, 1989.

                          World Health Organization (WHO), Chromium, Environ. Health Criter., Vol. 61, 197, 1988.